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Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
The ''Sermo Lupi ad Anglos'' ('The Sermon of the Wolf to the English') is the title given to a homily composed in England between 1010-1016 by Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York (died 1023), who commonly styled himself ''Lupus'', or 'wolf' after the first element in his name (= 'wolf-stone' ). Though the title is Latin, the work itself is written in Old English. The ''Sermo Lupi'' is Wulfstan's most well-known work. In it, he blames a lack of moral discipline amongst his fellow English as the source of God's anger against the English, which has taken the shape of thirty years of Viking raids against England. Wulfstan exhorts the English to behave in a manner more pleasing to God, and specifically to live according to the laws of the Church and of the king. The ''Sermo Lupi'' is noted for its rhetorical achievements, and is considered to represent the height of Wulfstan's skill as a homilist and rhetor.〔Wormald, "Wulfstan (died 1023)."〕 The text of the ''Sermo Lupi'' has been critically edited many times, most recently by Dorothy Bethurum.〔Bethurum, ed., ''The Homilies of Wulfstan'', pp. 255-75; Bethurum prints three versions, each numbered 'XX'.〕 The work contains one of several mentions of Old English ''wælcyrian'', a term cognate to the Old Norse ''valkyrjur''—valkyries.
==Historical Context==
(詳細はBenedictine monk.〔Knowles, ''The Monastic Order in England'', p. 64; Whitelock, "Archbishop Wulfstan, Homilist and Statesman", p. 35.〕 We know that he became Bishop of London in 996, perhaps already aged nearly 50.〔Wormald, "Archbishop Wulfstan: Eleventh-Century State-Builder", p. 13〕 In 1002 he was simultaneously promoted to Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York.〔Whitelock, "A Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist", p. 464.〕 He held both sees in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester. He remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was Bishop of London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or homilies, perhaps specifically on the topic of Antichrist.〔Whitelock, ed., ''Sermo Lupi ad Anglos'', pp. 12-13.〕
As Archbishop of York, Wulfstan's administrative duties were considerable. In addition to tending the spiritual and financial needs of the religious and secular communities of the North of England, he was deeply involved in the vital politics of the South. He was one of the most important members of king Æthelred II's advisory council, known as the Witan, and as such was active in all the most significant political decisions of the day. By 1008 he had secured the privilege of drafting the official royal legislation promulgated by the king and the Witan. He was deeply concerned with legislation, holding that good laws were essential if a people were to prosper. He continued as the king's chief legal draftsman on into the reign of the Danish king Cnut the Great. It is both remarkable and puzzling that Wulfstan was able to play so central a role in politics under both Æthelred's and Cnut's reigns, especially as it was under Æthelred's reign that Wulfstan, in his ''Sermo Lupi'', so vehemently decried the depredations of the Danish and Norwegian Vikings.
(詳細はDanegeld, had to be levied against English landowners and citizens, and this had a devastating impact on the English economy. Together, the Viking raids and the Danegeld payments brought the English people to their knees. But the Viking assaults continued. Few Englishmen during this time would have seen any reason to be optimistic about his own future or that of his countrymen. The situation became desperate in 1013, when, despite Æthelred, a prominent leader of the Viking armies, Swein Forkbeard, managed to position himself as king of England. In response, Æthelred retreated to Normandy where he remained until Swein's death the following year, upon which he immediately negotiated his safe return to England and his reinstatement as king.〔 It is of these events that one of the versions of the ''Sermo Lupi'' makes mention. Wulfstan's role in these events are unclear, though sentiments he expresses elsewhere in his writings suggest that he would have supported Æthelred's cause over any Dane's. Dorothy Whitelock writes that "we have no evidence where Wulfstan was at the time of the submission (England to Swein ), but he was at York within a fortnight of () death, and we may suspect that he used his influence to win back the province to the English king Æthelred."〔Whitelock, ''Sermo Lupi ad Anglos'', p. 12.〕
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